softskill bahasa inggris bisnis 2

Pronoun

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata yang dapat menggantikan suatu kata benda atau frasa kata benda. Kata ganti berfungsi menghindari pengulangan kata benda atau frasa kata benda yang sama yang telah disebut sebelumnya.

Dalam bahasa Inggris, pronoun terdiri dari delapan  jenis, yaitu:

1.     Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang ini digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan penggunaan tersebut.

Subjek	Objek	Arti
I You She He It We They	Me You Her Him It Us Them	Saya, aku Kamu, Anda, kalian Dia (perempuan) Dia (laki-laki) Dia, itu, -nya Kita, kami Mereka

  Contoh kalimatnya:

§  Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. [Tiga hari yang lalu saya bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi.]

§  My sister bought a new handphone. She loves it very much. [Saudara perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat menyukainya.]

§  Sule borrowed three books from the library. He must return them in two days. [Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam dua hari.]

2.     Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)

Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda lihat tabel di bawah ini.

Dependent	Independent
My Your His Her Its Our Their	Mine Your His Hers Its Ours Theirs

Contohnya:

§  This is my book. The book is mine. [Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya]

§  This house is theirs. [Rumah ini milik mereka.]

§  This is your pencil and those are hers. [Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia.]

3.     Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam kalimat bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk bentuk jamak.

Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Reflexive Pronoun	Arti
Myself Yourself/yourselves Themselves Ourselves Himself Herself Itself	Saya sendiri Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri Mereka sendiri Kami sendiri Dia sendiri (laki-laki) Dia sendiri (perempuan) Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)

Contoh kalimatnya:

§  She laughed at herself. [Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri.]

§  He himself drives to school. [Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah.]

§  I myself open the door. [Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu.]

§  My father cooked this meal himself. [Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri.]

4.      Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun merupakan kata ganti penunjuk berdasarkan kedekatan: dekat (this dan these) dan jauh (that dan those). Contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut:

§  This is my mother, these are my sisters. [Ini ibu saya, ini adik-adik saya.]

§  That book is yours, those are mine. [Buku itu punyamu, itu punyaku.]

5.     Relative Pronoun

Relative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang merangkai suatu kata benda atau frasa kata benda dengan klausa penjelasnya, seperti who, whom, whose, which, dan that.

Contoh kalimatnya:

§  I don’t like people who lose temper easily. [Saya tidak senang pada orang yang mudah naik pitam.]

§  Meong that I always feed everyday is my cat. [Meong yang saya beri makan setiap hari adalah kucing saya.]

§  This is Tukul whose brother you met last week. [Ini tukul yang kakaknya kamu temui minggu lalu.]

6.     Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang mempertanyakan orang atau benda. Ini antara lain: who, whom (siapa), whose (punya siapa), why (mengapa), which (yang mana), dan what (apa).

Contoh kalimatnya:

§  Who did you call? [Siapa yang kamu panggil?]

§  What did you order? [Apa yang kamu pesan?]

§  Why did you sell your cara? [Mengapa kamu jual mobilmu?]

7.     Indefinite Pronoun

adalah sebuah pronoun(kata ganti) yang digunakan untuk menggantikan unspesific noun (kata benda yang tidak spesifik). Indefinite pronoun dapat dikategorikan menjadi 3 jenis apakah indefinite itu menggantikan noun singular, plural, dan both(keduanya singular/plural).

Singular Indefinite Pronoun : Another, Anybody, Anyone, Anything, Each, Either, Enough, Everybody, Everyone, LittleMuch, Neither, Nobody, No-one, Nothing, OneOther, Somebody, Someone, Something

Plural Indefinite Pronoun : Both, Few, Fewer, Many Others, Several

Singular/Plural Indefinite Pronoun : All, Any, More, Most, None, Some Such

Contoh kalimatnya:

§  Nobody cares about him.

Tak seorangpun peduli dengan dia.

§  Can anyone tell me what is happened?

Bisakah siapapun menceritakan padaku apa yang terjadi?

8.     Reciprocal Pronoun

Reciprocal Pronoun adalah pronoun (kata ganti) yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama terhadap satu sama lain. Pronoun ini terdiri dari: each other dan one another.

Contoh kalimatnya:

§  They congratulated each other.

(Mereka menyelamati satu sama lain.)

§  The five mountaineers helped one another during the storm.

(Lima pendaki gunung menolong satu sama lain selama badai itu.)

§  Lien and Chammad love each other.

(Lien dan Chammad mencintai satu sama lain.)

§  The debate groups gave feedbacks to one another.

(Kelompok-kelompok debat memberikan umpan balik ke satu sama lain.)

narrative tenses

Narrative tenses are the tenses that we use to talk about past eventsand to tell stories.

The most common of these is the past simple. Three other tenses, past continuous, the past perfect simple and the past perfect continuous can help us to say what we want more effeciently. However, it should be remembered that almost any story can be told using the past simple.

It is often useful to look at these tenses together within the context of the function narrating, i.e. relating past events.

Past simple tense
Form: the simple past form of the verb. E.g. “We met on holiday, we talked about art and music, we fell in love, I asked her to marry me and when she said yes I kissed her passionately on the lips.”
Use: To explain the main events of the story in sequence. We use ‘then’, ‘after that’, ‘first’ and ‘finally’ to link them up. E.g. “First I finished work, then I went to the pub, after that I had a few pints, then I sat down by the river and then I fell asleep, after that the moon moved, and then I woke up and then an owl hooted and after that I heard a splash and then a monster tried to grab my leg and after that the Doctor rescued me and then he disappeared, and finally I went home.
We can also use conjunctions to link up clauses with past simple verb forms. ‘When’ is probably the most common. E.g. “When I woke up, and owl hooted.” Or “An owl hooted when I woke up”.

Past continuous
Form: was/were + -ing E.g. “We were talking about my Swiss bank account when suddenly she pulled me close and kissed me again.”
Use: To describe longer or repeated actions. It’s often used to describe the general situation at the beginning of a story. E.g. “I was walking home when something strange happened.”
Also, we use it to sequence events when it is combined with the past simple. Past continuous is the long or repeated action which is interrupted by a short, quick past simple action. E.g. “The green hand was moving towards me when suddenly there was a blue flash and a man jumped onto the stairs next to me”.
We use ‘when’ or ‘while’ to link the actions in a sentence. E.g. “When I woke up, the wind was blowing. The wind was blowing when I woke up. While I was walking, something happened. Something happened while I was walking.”

Past Perfect
Form: had + past participle E.g. “When I arrived at the airport I realised that she had stolen my wallet and passport”.
Use: To express that an action happened before the main events of the story. E.g. “When I woke up, the moon had moved” [the moon moved, then I woke up], which is different to “The moon moved when I woke up” [I woke up, then the moon moved].
Sometimes it is used a bit like present perfect, but when everything is in the past. E.g. “I’ve never heard of moon goblins before” But for yesterday it would be “I had never heard of moon goblins.”

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